Racism in Ernest Gainess A Lesson Before Dying Essay

After the civil war ended many blacks and whites especially in the south, continued living as if nothing had changed with regards to the oppressions and poor treatment of African Americans. Narrator Grant Wiggins, of the novel A Lesson Before Dying, By Ernest Gaines, finds himself in a similar situation towards racism. Through his experience Grant is forced to transform Jefferson who was wrongly accused of a murder from a â€Å"HOG† into a man. Although Grant was forced to make jefferson a man, he himself became more of one as a result. Grant transformed from an ignorant pessimistic person into a sensitive and compassionate human being. Grant Wiggins, one of the few black males in his town to have a college education, is a teacher at a all†¦show more content†¦Grant consistently refers to them as the â€Å"Babies†. Grant throughout the novel also complain a lot about how he wants to leave and move out from his town. He refuses to accept the task he is being off ered and do a good for his own society as a black male. In addition,Grants attitude begins to change after a few visit at the the cell with jefferson. Jefferson opened up to Grant about how he never had owned a radio or ate a bowl of ice cream in his life. Grant stated â€Å"I saw a slight smile come to his face, and it was not a bitter smile. Not bitter at all†. This action was a turning point for Grant. Jefferson’s thoughts revived Grants emotions and helped him see the actual person he was. Grant learned how to become educated and think like a man, rather than being negative all the time. He figured out that he wasn’t just accomplishing a good for Jefferson, but teaching his students that as an African American, you shouldn’t allow the white take control nor advantage of you. At the beginning of the book, Grant more than anyone else hated Jefferson and refused to teach Jefferson how to become a man, but after a few visits to the cell Grant became Jef ferson’s friend. Grant became one of the few he could trust and share his thoughts with. Jefferson opened up to grant and took his advice for granted. At that point, Grant completely transformed from an angry man to a loving and caring person. Grant realized what it was to actually be a man and how a man becomes a hero! AShow MoreRelatedA Lesson While Living by Ernest Gaines1639 Words   |  7 Pages A Lesson While Living In a society where hardships occur daily, it is vital to have something to hold on to as an anchor. This reliance or commitment is in the form of friends, family, or even tangible possessions; however, humans sometimes have to fulfill deeds for others instead of continually thinking of themselves. Given these obligations, there results both a need and a desire to complete certain tasks for other individuals, for a community, or even for a higher power. In his novel, A LessonRead More Racism in A Lesson Before Dying Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesA Lesson Before Dying is set in rural Louisiana in the 1940’s. The setting is ripe for the racism displayed in the novel. Ernest J. Gaines weaves an intricate web of human connections, using the character growth of Grant Wiggins and Jefferson to subtly expose the effect people have on one another (Poston A1). Each and every character along the way shows some inkling of being a racist. However, Paul is an exception. He treats eve ryone as if he or she is equal to him whether the person is blackRead More Racism and African-American Family Breakdown as Themes in Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesIconic Contemporary Themes Displayed: Ernest J. Gainess A Lesson Before Dying I was not there, yet I was there. No, I did not go to the trial, I did not hear the verdict, because I knew all the time what it would be... (3). Ernest J. Gaines begins his contemporary masterpiece with a captivating and explosive first paragraph. Immediately capturing the readers attention, the fast paced novel takes us on a voyage of thematic discovery. Through the voice of Grant Wiggins, a school teacherRead More Comparing Dignity in A Lesson Before Dying, Jane Pittman, and Of Love and Dust2674 Words   |  11 Pagesin Southern Society in A Lesson Before Dying, Autobiography of Jane Pittman, and Of Love and Dust      Ã‚  Ã‚   The ante-bellum Southern social system put blacks in a low economic and social class and limited their pursuit of happiness.   The aristocracy firmly held blacks in emotional and spiritual slavery. Cajuns, Creoles and poor whites maintained a low status in society, which frustrated them because they felt they should be superior to blacks and equal to whites. Racism was a base of southern societyRead More The Evolution of Grant in Ernest J. Gaines A Lesson Before Dying2726 Words   |  11 PagesAfter the Civil War ended, many blacks and whites, especially in the South, continued living as if nothing had changed with regards to the oppression and poor treatment of African Americans. Narrator Grant Wiggins, of Ernest J. Gaines A Lesson Before Dying, possesses a similar attitude toward race relations. Through his experiences with a young man wrongly accused of murder, Grant transforms from a pessimistic, hopeless, and insensitive man into a more selfless and compassionate human being who

Organizational Behavior Case Study Using Free Essays

Abstract We chose to look at a military case that was exposed by the media last year in which Brigadier General (BG) James BG Botchie of the United States Air Force was accused of conduct that was unbecoming of an officer. By examining the roots of classical organizational theory as well as the systems theory approach to management, we will be able to see what aspects and principles should be better utilized and enforced in order to prevent such incidences from reoccurring. ? Organizational Behavior Case Study Using Classical Organization Theory and Systems Theory In order to see where Brigadier General James Botchie’s management went wrong, we will use the classical organization theory and systems theory to evaluate his action and decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Case Study Using or any similar topic only for you Order Now To provide support to our conclusion, Tommy will share a personal encounter he had with BG Botchie. Quotes from various texts will also offer support to our position that BG Botchie’s approach to management was not only ineffective, but also inappropriate for an officer in the United States Air Force. Classical Organization Theory While some aspects of classical organizational theory can be considered out of date, it has been constantly progressing over the past century to better suit current workplace environments. From Taylor’s scientific management theory to Weber’s bureaucratic theory all the way to Mooney and Reiley’s administrative theory, classical organizational theory has developed some of the most fundamental principles to help better manage people in the workplace. In order to effectively understand how classical organization theory could help a situation, such as the one regarding Brigadier General James Botchie as reported by the Air Force Times, one must first look at the basic principles behind the theory. One of the four central points in Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory is to, â€Å"closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). In BG Botchie’s situation, he provided little to no supervision to his subordinates and was described as â€Å"hands-off, uninformed and at times uncaring† (Fontaine 2). This lack of upervision caused the military equal opportunity office (MEO) to be an unorganized and nonproductive environment that allowed discrimination and intimidation to go undisciplined and undocumented in many cases. Another â€Å"Taylorism† stated that â€Å"the task of management is planning and control† (Walonick, 1993). From what the Air Force Times showed, BG Botchie did not follow either of these guidelines. Military organizations require all parties to abide by strict codes of conduct in order to function as a well-oiled machine. BG Botchie’s actions not only reflect poorly on his work ethics, but also his moral ethics. He did not act as is expected of a United States serviceman; â€Å"†¦Personnel are expected to conduct themselves in accordance with the highest standards of personal and professional integrity and ethics. At a minimum, all personnel shall comply with directives issued by the Secretary of Defense†¦ regarding the Standards of Conduct and Government Ethics. † (Dalton, 1997). Much like the rank levels involved in military organizations, Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory â€Å"emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure of power† (Walonick, 1993). In order to continue maintaining control among soldiers or workers alike, there is a need for definite rules and a â€Å"clear line of authority and control† (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). BG Botchie allowed this line to become blurred when he developed friendships with his subordinates. Not only did this lead to unprofessional conduct in the form of creating an inner â€Å"boys only† clique that harassed female coworkers, it also raised an ethical dilemma in that BG Botchie engaged in business deals with subordinates and possibly used government resources to further his profits (Fontaine 4). There is a reason for positions of authority and that is to maintain control and productivity in the office. BG Botchie instead used his authority to foster sexual harassment and gender discrimination, build unprofessional relationships and misappropriate government resources for his own benefit (Fontaine 1). Mooney and Reilly’s administrative theory proved to be the most rigid out of the classical organization theories. This theory put the emphasis on â€Å"establishing a universal set of management principles that could be applied to all organizations† (Walonick, 1993). It is now realized that this is not possible with the fast paced changing of times; however, this method could be used to help remedy the inconsistencies that occurred in BG Botchie’s wing. For example, if there was a uniform set of rules and procedures set in place and enforced regularly, people like BG Botchie would not have a chance to abuse their power. Throughout examining the classical organizational approach to resolving Brigadier General James Botchie’s erroneous behaviors, the key solution is enforcement of hierarchy. None of this would have occurred if BG Botchie’s superiors had paid closer attention to his actions. While people in positions of authority should not have to instill fear in order to get results, they should be treated with the respect they deserve. That respect facilitates efficiency and respect for fellow coworkers as well. By maintaining the proper order of ranks, work is accomplished as a result of a sense of pride in work and duty to one’s job. In addition to an increase in productivity, the level of discrimination and harassment would decline for fear of punishment. When the rules are enforced and there are positive and negative repercussions for behaviors, people are more inclined to follow the regulations set forth. Simply put, to avoid negative situations, such as BG Botchie’s, enforce the rules and regulations that are set forth. Systems Approach This situation could have also benefited from the systems approach to the Ohio Air National Guard Organization. The United States Air Force maintains a strict code of conduct as an entire organization and also employs separate, more detailed rules and regulations for those enlisted and those who are officers. The enlisted ranks are seen as the workers or followers to the officer ranks. The officer ranks are seen as the leaders of the organization and they are expected to set the tones for how those that follow them are to conduct themselves. Rules are established to help keep the distinction between the appointed leaders and those who are the followers and to prevent any bias from effecting promotions or allowing preferential treatment from the leaders of the organization. Brigadier General James Botchie was fortunate to experience both the leader and follower sides of the Air Force. BG Botchie started out in the enlisted ranks before he was commissioned to the officer ranks. I had the opportunity to work for BG Botchie after the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Centers in 2001. He was the flight commander and highest ranking officer for the mission. As a unit, the 121st Air Refueling Wing (ARW) was assigned to support Operation Enduring Freedom at the Incirlik Air Base in Turkey. My job as an enlisted worker was for various electronic functions of our airplane. My ultimate goal was to make sure that the pilots could complete their mission, which required all of the aircraft to be operational. We accomplished this mission and pleased BG Botchie. He attempted to reward us (the enlisted workers) with alcoholic beverages in an enlisted only establishment. I tell you this story to give yet another example of the rules being established and BG Botchie acting as though he was above them and as if there would be no ramifications for breaking them. Systems theory can be described as having all components of an organization interrelated. By changing one variable, many others may also be effected (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). Modern day management has to understand that the decisions imposed on one part of an organization can have a great impact on other members of the organization, even if they are not directly related to the initial decision. BG Botchie’s decisions were not thoroughly thought out and he did not consider the impact that they would have across the organization. The decisions he made for his immediate group not only affected the morale, behavior, and work ethics, but it also reached throughout the entire Air National Guard. The 121st ARW is always partnered with other units from all across the United States. This behavior is observed by others who may have had a different managerial style and expectation. This is also evident in the following quotes: â€Å"The organizational systems theory also infuses a culture that is transformed to a learning environment. A creative learning environment will also help the organization and its members realize that the small decisions made today may affect a global impact tomorrow† (Smith Taylor, 2000). The Central premise behind holding a vision is that somehow I can shape my future, systems’ thinking helps us see how our own actions have shaped our current reality, thereby giving us confidence that we can create a different reality in the future† (Smith Taylor, 2000). BG Botchie did not infuse the culture with the set of values and morals that the USAF instilled in his appointment as commanding general. If Brigadier General James Botchie analyze d his decisions using the systems approach for his managerial and decision based processes, his career may have had a different outcome. Conclusion In conclusion, it is generally in everyone’s best interest to abide by the rules and regulations of an organization since they are set forth as a way to maintain order and protection for the employees. The classical organization theory and systems theory have clear cut principles that help to build a strong organization, when the policies are followed correctly. Having employees that respect the hierarchy of the organization is also essential to a successful workplace. Brigadier General James Botchie did not follow these guidelines and it cost him the respect of his peers and nearly cost him his job.? Bibliography Dalton, J. H. (1997). General Regulations: Administration of Discipline. U. S. Navy Regulations, 1990 Interim Change, 101-102. Fontaine, S. (2012, May 23). Report Details 1-star’s Inappropriate Conduct. Retrieved from Air Force Time Mobile: http://www. airforcetimes. com/mobile/index. php? storyUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. airforcetimes. com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2Fair-force-ig-details-conduct-BG Botchie-041811w%2F Kinicki, A. Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational Dynamics and Human Behavior. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Smith, K. D. , Taylor, W. G. (2000). The learning organisation ideal in Civil Service organisations: deriving a measure. The Learning Organization, 194-205. University, C. M. (2008). In Administration, Globalization and Multiculturalism (pp. 25, 30, 79, 360). McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Walonick, D. S. (1993). Organization al Theory and Behavior. Retrieved from http://statpac. org/walonick/organizational-theory. htm How to cite Organizational Behavior Case Study Using, Free Case study samples

Let me put this heavy load down and take some of t Essay Example For Students

Let me put this heavy load down and take some of t Essay hese bulky clothes off andIll tell you about how I became a short story and novel writer. My name is John Griffith London. But I like to be called Jack. I was born in SanFrancisco in 1876. Most of my childhood I was very poor. I had to help my parents earna living by doing odd jobs. I delivered papers, worked on ice-wagons, cleaned up bowling alleys, helped in the cannery and only made ten cents an hour. I usually workedten hours a day. I learned what it was like being a member of the working-class and Ialways had a distaste for its drudgery. I kept telling myself, Jack, some day you will berich. I loved to read and often borrowed books of adventure, travel, and sea voyages. At fourteen, I left school to lead a wandering and adventurous life, so I thought. Jobswere hard to find but I was employed by the fish patrol in San Francisco Bay. Imaginehopping on every boat that pulls into the bay and counting the number of fish on boardand having to write fines to the sailors that had too many fish. This sure wasnt a popularjob in the bay area. I was smart enough to figure I could be on the other side of the lawand rob and steal vessels so I became an oyster pirate. I had a real passion for the sea and so in 1893 I took a job as a common sailor aboarda sealing vessel that ventured as far as Japan. This lasted about a year. When I returnedback to the bay area I drifted from job to job. I told you I liked to wander. I left the bay and headed for New York City. I went onthe road and lived as a tramp. Without any place to stay I was soon jailed for vagrancy. I spent one month in jail and there I realized I needed to make something of myself. Ireturned to California and to school. My reading continued. Rudyard Kipling andRobert Louis Stevenson became my liteary gods and Darwin, Herbert Spencer, andKarl Marx made me a Socialist. I began writing while in college but could not find amarket for my writings. In the mid-1897s I joined the Klondike gold rush. I packed 8,000 pounds of suppliesand books to take with me. After a year I became very ill and had to return home withouthaving mined an ounce of gold. Upon my return to the San Francisco area, I began towrite about my experiences. My stories finally began to be accepted by magazines. Myfirst collection of short stories, The Son of the Wolf, was bought and published in 1900by Houghton Mifflin for $500. I was so excited to have made money from my writings, Idevoted every minute to telling my colorful life. I wrote more than 50 books and mademore than a million dollars on them. My first best selling novel was The Call of the Wild.In this novel I included my adventure of the Klondikes. The story dealt with the reversion of a civilized creature tothe primitive state. On assignment to cover the Russo-Japanese War I was stranded inLondon and lived in the poverty-stricken East End. I gathered materials for my novel,People of the Abyss. I became popular outside the United States and my works weretranslated into eleven languages. My dream had become a reality. I was now verywealthy. I built a fantastic castle but had to write incessantly to meet my bills. I wrote The Sea Wolf based on my experiences on the sealing vessel. John Barleycorn became a novel about my struggles with alcoholism. My style-brutal, vivid,and exciting was set in localities where the struggle could be most obvious: in the wildsof Alaska, on remote Pacific Islands, on ships at sea, in industrial communities duringstrikes, and in the underworlds of various cities. These were the places I recounted myexperiences. .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .postImageUrl , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:hover , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:visited , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:active { border:0!important; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:active , .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0 .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2276d9577cf4d71ea8404193a76dfee0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Dead EssayMy life was very stormy. I had two unhappy marriages, a problem with alcohol, afire that destroyed my castle before it was finished, and many bills to pay. So at the age of 40, I ended my own life.

Should Your Grade in Gym Affect Your GPA free essay sample

Gym grades affecting your grade point average is a very debated topic. I believe that is should be graded and here’s why. Imagine having to do all the work to get a good grade in gym, and then finding out its not even being graded. You would probably not see a need to try anymore. That means no more effort, no more showing up in uniforms, and then eventually simply skipping it entirely. Two decades ago, 42 percent of public school children attended gym classes daily. Today, gym has been reduced to once a week in many schools. Nationally, only 4 percent of elementary schools, 8 percent of middle schools, and 2 percent of high schools in the U. S. provide daily gym classes. The department of Education is required to create district plans for PE. Their last report was written in 1982. Since then childhood and adult obesity has been recognized as a significant public health issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Your Grade in Gym Affect Your GPA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2002, a team of public health scientists and nurses found that over 50 percent of kindergarteners through fifth graders were overweight or obese. All of this is going on, yet schools are still getting rid of gym class. They find it a waste of money since nobody shows up or even tries; all because it’s not counted for a grade. Getting rid of gym class will just make obesity rates rise. Daily physical education has been found to increase kid’s abilities to learn and focus. Over 50 studies have confirmed the following academic benefits of physical education: Increased PE time increases student’s ability to focus and stay on task. Short PE breaks of only 20 minutes can help students pay attention in class and even score better on tests. Physical activity releases endorphins that make us feel happier. Countless sources have all verified the positive effects of physical education on school performance; no studies have shown a negative effect. Clearly, physical education has been helping us learn better, and should be kept in schools. Having it count towards your GPA will be that little boost to actually participate and be active in gym class. Most colleges today are looking for well rounded students, not just those who are strong physically or academically. Gym is still a class, and a GPA is and average of ALL your classes. It helps us get in shape and learn about fitness. And, even if being fit doesnt lead to more academic success, I think we can generally agree that its a good thing to encourage everyone. If some students are so focused on getting into college that they only care about their GPAs, then whats wrong with using that to motivate them to get into better shape? College is not the ultimate goal in life, and Id argue that living a life balanced by exercise and general fitness is more important than getting into a slightly better college in the long run. While PE classes might not represent academic ability, they represent the ability to show up and make some effort to do what’s expected of you. For people who struggle, then effort should be taken into account, but so should results. Im not saying that everyone should have to do 50 pushups and run a 6-minute mile but the vast majority of people who cant meet a certain level of fitness should at least be able to make some progress toward that goal. Every other class carries the expectation that youll improve over the course of the year. Why shouldnt PE be the same? Math class, with its bright line between the right answer and the wrong answer, allows for students to do extra homework, present homework problems to the class, or participate in class discussions as ways to improve your grade even if youre not particularly good at math. So why cant you in PE? Yes, people who are naturally athletic will have an easier time doing it. So what? This is no different than people who have natural skill in math or language excelling in those classes. Some people say that the grading system for gym is unfair. I disagree. Most schools, like ours, grade students mostly on their effort, like; showing up, wearing the uniform, and participating, not on their ability to play a sport. Some people argue that â€Å"The only purpose of these tests is so that people who slack off in class can still bring up their grades. † Clearly incorrect. Gym was not designed to just raise the marks of slackers. Gym class was designed to teach kids how to lead a healthy life style and be active. It doesn’t matter if gym is optional or mandatory; the amount of effort you put in should be rewarded. If these â€Å"slackers† are putting effort into gym, they still should be rewarded for it. People also argue that â€Å"If an intelligent person isn’t that physically fit, it will affect what colleges they can go to, and that’s just not right. † First off, gym class is considered one of the easiest courses to pass. Secondly, gym class marking shouldn’t be based off of physical capability, most physical education courses are now based off of effort. If it isn’t marked like that, you cannot blame the course but the markers. Now that I have told you my views on gym grades, is yours still the same?

Inside the Meet Lab Analysis and Evaluation

Inside the Meet Lab Analysis and Evaluation Potential Advantages and Disadvantage of Introducing the Meat Lab The advanced development of science and technology allows the world to face the problem of fast-growing population. Due to the salient increase in the meat consumption, integrating the laboratories for growing in vitro meat seems to be reasonable. On the one hand, the production of the lab meat can satisfy the extreme demand for protein. On the other hand, the cultured product differs much from that grown in nature due to the absence of necessary microbes protecting the immune system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Inside the Meet Lab: Analysis and Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The latter can be solved in case antibiotics are introduced, but this innovation requires significantly higher costs, which might not justify the overall production of artificial protein. With regard to the above-presented advantages and shortcomings, producing me at in laboratories can threaten to human health because of the possibility of creating a genetically modified product. The natural environment is much more appropriate for sustaining human wellbeing. The laboratory conditions for producing cultured meat are not fully appropriate because most of cells are taken from rats, humans, and rhesus monkeys. Certainly, â€Å"culturing embryonic stem cells would be ideal for this purpose since these cells have an†¦infinite self-renewal capacity† (Bartholet 65). To extract such cells is impossible without killing an animal, or doing harm to them. Moreover, producing artificial meat does not ensure a microbe free environment and, a result, any contamination is a serious threat to the experiment. In addition, there are no analogues of this kind of meat production in the world, which does not contribute to its reliability. Unlike the lab meat, the production of natural meat is not so sophisticated and, therefore, it is more cost-effect ive. What is more important is that breeding domestic animals in an ecologically safe environment guarantees production of high quality meat. It is also possible to grow cattle and poultry at the specialized factories, doing no harm to the natural environment and excluding the threats to the human health. Ensuring sufficient nutrition for livestock also alleviates the potential risk of producing a genetically modified product. Establishing strict standards of quality production is also a guarantor of good meat. Unlike the laboratory production of meat, the traditional techniques are less dangerous to nature because they do not involve use of specific technological processes. Ethical and environmental concerns with producing artificial meat are also under the question. People are aware of the potential threats of producing food in laboratory conditions because the product might lead to serious disorders and diseases, including cancer. Therefore, the idea of cultured meat can be justi fied as soon as meat will go through all known tests and inspections.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bartholet recognizes â€Å"social acceptance as the biggest barrier of all to producing in vitro meat on a commercial scale† (65). Apparently, the scientists should be aware that the people’s attitude to artificial protein might never be changed because there is a growing tendency in consuming natural food only. Succinct overview of scientific explorations and discoveries in the sphere of artificial meat production reveals controversial conclusions. First, in vitro meat cannot substitute the natural meat because of the absence of the necessary micro flora. Second, the laboratory production is not cost-effective, as compared to the traditional one. Finally, growing meat in laboratories cannot be socially accepted, which is the major barrier to commercial integration. Nevertheless, the scientists should spend a plethora of research studies to ensure that cultured meat is as healthy as the natural one before it is promoted to the market. Bartholet, Jeffrey. â€Å"Inside the Meat Lab.† Scientific American 304.6 (2011): 64-69. Web.

Buteyko Breathing for Bronchial Asthma

Buteyko Breathing for Bronchial Asthma Lung disease is any pathology that occurs in the lung components and causes the lungs not to function properly and this may lead to serious problems that may cause death. They are considered the third killing factor worldwide. Lung diseases include emphysema , bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary failure, pneumonia, tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism. These diseases have the following signs and symptoms which are coughing, dyspnea, short breaths, noisy breath sound, fever, chest pain , and using accessory muscle of the neck which include scalene, upper trapezium and sternocleidmastoid muscles. The common causes of these lung diseases are smoking, infections, and genetics factors (Simon, 2000). Treatment of lung disease includes medications like corticosteroid, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and physical therapy that will give patients breathing exercises. One of the most common chronic obstructive disease, is bronchial asthma. Bronchial asthma is the fifth reason for hospitalized worldwide. Physiotherapists used to treat bronchial asthma patients who have hyperventilation symptoms using breathing exercises known as buteyko breathing technique (BBT) in additional to bronchial asthma therapy. (Bishop, 2007) Background Professor Konstantin Buteyko was a Russian physiologist (1932-2003) , who gave his name to a treatment for bronchial asthma patients. The whole idea started in 1960s when he came with the idea that shallow breathing is going to help patients who suffer from hyperventilation like bronchial asthma and stenocardia. He suggested that hyperventilation lead to decrease the amount of blood that is going to alveoli and low- level of CO2 lead to bronchoconstriction which increase hyperventilation. (Bishop, 2007) Literature Review Robert L. and other on 2007 tried to evaluate the efficiency of a non à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ pharmacological intervention Buteyko Breathing Technique (BBT) in patients with asthma with their corticosteroid medication consumpt ion. The design of the study was a randomized control trail of buteyko technique involving 182 subject divided into group of adult with asthma their age ranged from 18-50 years old. While the control group was trained by physiotherapy for relaxation breathing technique. The main results measures by level of asthma control, defined by composite score based on Canadian asthma consensus reported 6 months after completion of intervention. The consequences show that both groups had related enhancement and a high amount with asthma control six months after accomplishment of the intervention. In the Buteyko group the degree with asthma control increased from 40% to 79% percent and in the control group from 44% to 72%. The main conclusion that six month after completion of the intervention, a large majority of subject in each group shown control of their asthma with the additional benefits of lessening in inhaled corticosteroid use in buteyko group.(Robert, 2007) McHugh on 2003 made a study to evaluate the impact of buteyko breathing technique (BBT) on medication consumption in asthma patients. The method used is a blinded randomized control trail comparing BBT with medication control . It was directed over 38 people with asthma aged between 18-70 years. Members were followed for six months. Medication use and tempts of ventilator function were recorded. The results exhibited that BBT group shown a lessening in inhaled steroid use of 50% only and beta-agonist use 85% after six month from intervention. In the control group there was no significant outcomes. The main conclusion that BBT is a safe and effective for asthma controlling for it is sign and symptoms. BBT has clinical and potential pharm-economics benefits that must have advance studies.(McHugh, 2003)

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Benjamin Franklin reflected that culture through his life and this reflection of cultural and national pride of the Americans is evident in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. It is clear that the cultural pride of the nation and its citizens has been so natural in the system that it is found the hardest element in life to live away from. Franklin explains this notion in the work when at the end of discussion on a long list of the desirable qualities of life that can be achieved through practice. Thus, when the Americans are hurt on their cultural pride, the natural outcome of every such attempt has been revolt which has been expressed through the historical events such as those touching the national consciousness and provincial thinking. â€Å"In reality, there is, perhaps, no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out a nd show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history; for, even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility.† (Franklin). This has been the rule of life and that of culture that the integrity of every person, nation and culture is respected or the result will, naturally, be revolt. To find the origin of American provincialism, one may reach up to the days when the American people lived isolated from the disturbances of European life and this has been the center of their cultural pride and heritage. â€Å"Americans have long been proud of their pioneer roots, and have celebrated common sense over the pomp of aristocracy. This is just one of the more visible results of our founding provincialism. In fact, from the beginning, observers noted the salubrious consequences of Americas distance from Europe†¦ The ethic of rugged individualism is not

Understanding information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding information - Essay Example A week ago, Merryhall Management Company held a fashion show in the main atrium of its large shopping centre in West London that aimed to promote Merryhall as â€Å"West London Center of Fashion.† This report presents the results and analysis of the data obtained from the 120 completed and collected questionnaires. The statistical data of the results (frequency and descriptive data) are also appended to this report. The fashion show featured a diverse collection of style and trend including â€Å"designer† items for shoppers of all ages and genders. In line with this event, the Merryhall management was interested in ascertaining the fashion products that would appeal to its shoppers, thus distributed questionnaires which gauged the extent to which the fashion show had been of interest to the attendees of the show. In line with this event, the Merryhall management was interested in ascertaining the fashion products that would appeal to its shoppers, thus distributed ques tionnaires which gauged the extent to which the fashion show had been of interest to the attendees of the show. This report presents the results and analysis of the data obtained from the 120 completed and collected questionnaires. The statistical data of the results (frequency and descriptive data) are also appended to this report. Question 1: Shoppers’ Ratings to Different Aspects of the Fashion Show The shoppers were asked about their perception towards five specific aspects of fashion show: (a) quality of the clothes shown; (b) variety of the clothes; (c) staging of the show; (d) modeling of the clothes; and (e) ease of viewing the show. In order to gauge the perception of the 120 respondents, they were asked to gauge each aspect of the event using a four-point rating scale (very good, good, poor, and very poor). In terms of the quality of the clothes featured in the fashion show, 56, or 46.7%, out of the 120 respondents, which make it 46.7 %, said that the featured cloth es were â€Å"very good.† Thirty-five, 29.2%, respondents said the clothes were â€Å"good.† On the other hand, there were a total of 29 respondents, 24.2%, who provided a negative feedback on the clothes shown at the fashion event. Therefore, 75.8% of the shoppers who witnessed the event liked the quality of the featured clothes, and 24.2% of the shoppers said that the clothes shown at the fashion event had poor quality. In terms of variety, majority of the respondents (55.8% or 67 people) said that the variety of the clothes was â€Å"good.† Only 31 respondents, 25.8%, said that the variety of the clothes was â€Å"very good.† Significantly, there were only a small number of the respondents, 22 shoppers, who did not like the variety of the clothes shown at the event. This indicates that the shoppers, at least those who watched the fashion show, liked the selection of clothes that Merryhall presented although most of them were not so intensely enthusiast ic about it. When it comes to staging, again Merryhall received mostly positive feedbacks from the respondents. Forty-two or 35% of the respondents said that the staging was â€Å"very good,† and 63 or 52.5% said that it was â€Å"good.† Still, there were shoppers who did not feel happy about the staging of show but they were very few, 12.5% of the respondents in particular. The modeling of the clothes also received a positive feedback from the shoppers who saw the fashion event. A total of 69 respondents, 57.5%, said that the modeling was â€Å"good,† and only 12 respondents said it was â€Å"very good.† A considerable number of respondents commented on the poor modeling of the clothes during the fashion show. In total, there were 39 respondents who rated the modeling â€Å"

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management Essay Carefully review the assignment scenario/case study. From the limited information in the scenario/case study, along with your answers to the unit three written assignment, identify at least three direct and specific long-term and three direct and specific short term operations changes that Albatross Anchor must make to gain a clear and sustainable competitive advantage (provide detailed information to validate and support each recommended change) Long-Term Operational Changes (01) Building Renovation: Moving the equipment around to make sure that it is better organized. Moving the foundry to where the raw products and finished products are located right now will open up the receiving and shipping. Receiving and shipping now can be one big area with the possibility of adding more equipment to the area which would bring down the delay between the two anchors. If there is a way of dividing the manufacturing area so that the area can make both anchors at the same time instead of having that 36 hour window of changing the equipment. This will cut cost down on the down time and increase the profit margins. (02)Technology: Having up to date technology added to the area will help eliminate some of the equipment that technology could do. Also up to date technology in the administrative offices is important as well so that all employees on the floor and in the offices know what is going on. Having this technology will be safer and faster production. (03)Equipment: Updating the equipment if possible that would do more in less time would help with building up the profit margins. Adding more equipment so that both anchors can be made at the same time will also bring in the profit margins. Moving the equipment around to make room for new or making the foundry and other equipment to divide the manufacturing area to have the area produce both anchors. Short-Term Operational Changes (01)Budgeting: Budgeting the funds around to help upgrade the technology and equipment. And the funds to have more employees. The cost of what will cost to do all the long time and what the company will make after everything is complete. Having a budget will help with what can be done now and what we can see if we can get help or something that will have to wait until funds are available. (02) Employees: All employees new and old know the procedures and rules of the company. What the employees need to do to make it easier of a change. Train them on the new technology and equipment and what needs to be done. Having all employees knows the two types of anchors is very important especially the administrative office when they have callers that have questions and those that are shipping out the anchors. Sending out the wrong anchors to the customers can lead to loss of money and customers. Because of the items not being right they would think that Albatross Anchor is very none organized and more to a company that looks more organized. (03) Update administrative offices: Updating the offices will have the customers that come in want to do business with Albatross Anchor. Trying to have a couple of the administrative staff are knowledgeable in the anchors will help the other administrative staff with training and be the go to for all questions that they may have. Having updated technology the administrative will be able to do a lot more to help with the business and be able to know when delivers are coming and what amount is coming. This way all employees that deal with shipping and receiving will be on the same page. Question Two From the list of ten operational issues in the Unit 6 assignment instructions select four operational issues. For each of the four operational issues explain in detail that operational issue will help Albatross Anchor improve; 1) job retention, 2) employee morale, and 3) employee dedication. Operational Issue One: Cross Training Job retention: Have cross training employees will be able to work in different areas so if an area is short on employees can move someone to the area of shortage to help and keep everything going. This will also give the employees more of an opportunity and look for work if a position opens up. Employee morale: Having employees cross train over in areas will make them feel valuable to the company, which will give positive results in the work environment and in the employees. Employee dedication: Having employees cross train and having them feel valuable will help bring employees continue to work and want to work at Albatross Anchor. Operational Issue Two: Gain sharing and profit sharing Job retention: profit sharing created the employee will benefit of the financial success of Albatross Anchor. With the growth of the company and valuable employees will help with this success. With the employees knowing that they are benefiting from the profit sharing will continue to stay and work hard. Employee Morale: Employees will feel appreciated if they receive financial rewards. Being rewarded of their hard work created positive morals for the employees and the company. Employee Dedication: Employees has personal responsibility for the profit sharing in the company success, especially when all employees benefit when the company is successful. This will create employee dedication. Operational Issue Three: Ergonomics Job retention: Having hard physical labor brings short and long term damages. Ergonomics ensures that workers operate in the most safest and productive ways. Having a company pay attention to workers health will keep employees when they know the company cares about their employees. Employee morale: Working in hard manual labor rises the risk of damage to the employees. Having the employees know that they are working for a company that cares about their well-being will bring employee morale high. Employee dedication: Employees that feel the company is invested in their employees will bring dedication from their employees. Operational Issue Four: Technology and automation: Job retention: Improving the technology and automation will help bring the company safer and a better place to work for. Having this done will bring Albatross Anchor up to date with safety procedures. Employees will feel safe knowing they are working with the latest technology and automation. Employee morale: Workers will take pride in their work when there is an up to date technology and automation. Employee dedication: Employees that work in up to date technology and automation will come to work happy and will be dedicated to the company. Conclusion If the Albatross Anchor takes these long and short term improvements. The company will be a very successful company and many customers will continue to purchase anchors from them, especially if the company are producing both anchors at the same time. Having employees that want to come will also help bring in the success of the company. No one wants to come and work for a company that doesn’t care or show their appreciation in their employees and help with rewards after the company starts getting a profit after the changing of the equipment and moving things around. As long as Albatross Anchor does the changes and upgrades that need to be done and show support and appreciation to their works Albatross Anchor will be a successful company and one that many customers and possible customers will talk about.

An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Essay -- Essays Papers

An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Reliability Windows 2000 Professional is up to 30 percent faster and, according to National Software Testing Labs (NSTL) tests, 13 times more reliable than Windows 98. The operating system is the most reliable version of Windows ever produced. Memory conflicts and missing or altered system files caused many of the system crashes prior to Windows 2000. To put an end to these problems, Microsoft changed Windows 2000 memory management to reduce the chance that software applications will interfere with one another. In addition, Windows 2000 includes a built-in safeguard called Windows File Protection. This feature helps prevent critical operating system files from being deleted or altered by users or applications. Industry studies show that as much as 80 percent of system failures can be traced to human errors or flawed processes. If a system file should be changed or deleted, Windows File Protection can detect the change, retrieve a correct version of the file from a cache, and restore it to the system file folder. The end user never knows the repairs have been made because Windows 2000 just keeps running ( (1)Windows). The following is a list of improvements in Windows 2000. It should be noted that this covers the entire Windows 2000 family (Server, Advanced Server, and Professional). †¢ Improved Internal Architecture: Windows 2000 includes new features designed to protect your system, such as preventing new software installations from replacing essential system files or stopping applications from writing into the kernel of the OS. This greatly reduces many sources of operating system corruption and failure. †¢ Fast Recovery from System Failure: If your system does fail, Windows 2000 includes an integrated set of features that speed recovery. †¢ Improved Code with Developer Tools: Microsoft provided third-party developers with tools and programs to improve the quality of their drivers, system level programs, and application software. These enhancements make it easier for independent software vendors to write dependable code for Windows 2000. †¢ Reduced Reboot Scenarios: Microsoft has greatly reduced the number of operations requiring a system reboot in almost every category of OS fun... ...ss/relavail Asp, Accessed 9 September 2001. 3. Mobile Computing and Windows 2000 Professional, www.mightywords.com, Accessed 15 September 2001. 4. (2) Windows 2000 Professional and Server Score an ‘A’ for Performance and Reliability, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evoluation/ news/external/gigaa.asp, Accessed 9 September 2001. 5. (3) Windows 2000 Professional: Built for Mobile Users, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ mobile/default.asp, Accessed 16 September 2001. 6. (1) Windows 2000 Professional: Most Reliable Windows Ever, http:// www.microsoft .com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business overview/reliable/muchmore, Accessed 9 September 2001. 7. (4) Windows 2000 Professional: Easy to Use and Maintain, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/ manage/default.asp, Accessed 21 September 2001. 8. (5) Windows 2000 Professional: Internet Ready, http://www.microsoft.com/ windows2000/professional/evaluation/business/overview/internet/default.asp, Accessed 22 September 2001.

Business Proposal Final for Thomas Money Service Essay

The current financial status of Thomas Money Service Inc. needs attention to help improve its existing goods and services to overcome the challenges faced by the economy downturn. This proposal will address those issues effecting the profitability of Thomas Money Service Inc. and strategize affective ways to overcome those obstacles to return to profitability. â€Å"Thomas Money Service Inc. (TMS) has been in business since 1940† (University of Phoenix, 2012). The company started out granting small loans for consumer needs and evolved into offering business loans, business acquisition financing, and commercial real estate loans, (University of Phoenix, 2012). TMS expanded into equipment financing in 1946 under the subsidiary of Future Growth Inc. (FGI), (University of Phoenix, 2012). The venture in turn became very lucrative for TMS because of a huge demand in construction and forestry equipment after World War II (University of Phoenix, 2012). In 1951, FGI purchased an equipm ent manufacturing company building, selling, and financing their own building and forestry equipment and discontinued financing other equipment (University of Phoenix, 2012). For over 67 years it has been profitable and has stated in previous economic downturns that the company never had to lay off any of its workers, (University of Phoenix, 2012). However, in the current recession and after several natural disasters affecting forestry states, FGI profits declined last year by 30%. Home sales also declined, constructions slowed and caused FGI to repossess equipment and sell it at a discounted price. With the changing economic environment and profit loss Thomas Money Services Inc. has requested recommendations to help increase its revenue, determine its profit maximizing quantity, increase product differentiation, increase barriers to entry, and minimize cost of production. Market Structure and Elasticity of Demand Thomas Money Services Inc. operates in a monopolistic competition by offering products and services that can be differentiated and is very competitive with other sellers offering similar products for consumption. By creating an environment in which consumers looking to purchase equipment could receive financing and goods in a one stop shop has positioned TMS as leader in the market share in the construction industry prior to the recession. Because there are similar products available for consumers to obtain instead of FGI’s equipment, it has to differentiate its product and services as the best to have by nonpricing competition. The price elasticity of demand for Thomas Money Services Inc. from its original price of $1990.1 to its new price of $1732.0 shows the responsiveness of consumer to the quantity demanded of goods and services at its new demand of 182 million units from it its original demand of 123 million units shows that the PEoD is 3.70 resulting in TMS being very elastic. Although Thomas Money Services Inc. has not been a price taker but a price maker distinguishing it has a one stop shop for consumer’s construction equipment. The market has changed resulting in consumer finding alternatives to TMS goods and services decreasing revenue over the last year. â€Å"There are many domestic and international companies manufacturing construction and forestry equipment† (University of Phoenix, 2012). Because TMS offers elastic goods and services it has to continue to monitor the market to understand the demand. Recommendation Increase Revenue Increasing revenue is the objective for Thomas Money Services Inc. regardless of how the economy is doing. Because the market has declined in home sales, individual construction, and forestry equipment TMS should focus its marketing on hospital and nursing homes. According to University of Phoenix, not all sectors have been affected by the economic downturn hospital and nursing homes still have a high demand for new building (2012). These sectors are potential areas to increase revenue for TMS. Another area is in the price of equipment. To continue success in the marketplace the elasticity of demand plays a vital role. Currently, FGI has repossessed equipment and selling each unit at $1,732. From the demand chart below it will acquire revenue in the amount of $315,224 for the sale of 182 units. If FGI were to decrease the price to $1,634.3 per unit from the demand chart  below the demand will increase to 350 units sold, resulting in $572,005 in revenue. This will increase revenue b y $256,781 resulting in more profit to invest back into the company. Over the past years the data for demand is in millions. Table 1 Price Demand 1,990.1 123 1,732.0 182 1,634.3 350 1,252.0 380 732.1 400 622.3 456 Profit-Maximizing Quantity The monopolistic competitor maximizes profit by producing the output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Marginal cost is the additional cost it would take to produce another unit of good or service. Marginal revenue is the additional revenue acquired from selling the additional unit. To reach profit-maximizing quantity Thomas Money Services will need to continue to increase output until its marginal revenue equals its marginal cost. Because TMS has been in business for more than 60 plus years it is currently operating in a long run curve where it earns a normal profit. Barriers to Entry Unfortunately, because Thomas Money Service Inc. operates in monopolistic competition there is relatively easy entry and exit into the market. When demand is high for construction and forestry equipment there will be surge of newer firms to enter the market because capital requirements are low. However, during this economic downturn many newer firms will exit because they will be unable to differentiate themselves from the longstanding branding and reputation that Thomas Money Services Inc. has had in the market. By making it more difficult to imitate TMS goods and service will result in an increase barrier to entry for newer competitors. Product  Differentiation In recent years, Thomas Money Service Inc. has decreased it advertisement revenue to having a commercial in the Super Bowl and a few other sporting events (University of Phoenix, 2012). In order to increase its product differentiation it will need to increase advertisement revenue to inform consumers of product differences, thus increase product branding and consumer loyalty. Since TMS operates in a monopolistic competition it has to advertise heavily to inform consumers of the benefits of its goods and services, especially in nursing home and construction magazines. When consumers prefer a specific product then within limits they will pay more to satisfy their preferences, thus making the product more inelastic to changes in the price in the long run (McConnell et al., 2009). Minimize Cost of Production While fixed costs have stay constant for various outputs of production for Thomas Money Services Inc. there are still ways to minimize cost. Installing proper equipment for processing and manufacturing the equipment and staying aware of the latest technology will help in cutting cost. By TMS shopping around for the best bargain in raw material and continually monitor variable cost to not exceed output of production. Combine project to offset prices for material for future projects Conclusion In conclusion, Thomas Money Service Inc. is a sound company that needs to adjust its strategy during this global recession to improve profits. This business proposal has addressed some of those issues to help increase its revenue, maximize profits, minimize cost, and differentiate it from its competitors. These recommendations are only few ways to overcome the challenges faced by TMS. Thomas Money Services Inc. will need to continue to monitor the market and their effectiveness to adjust to the ever changing-market. References McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. University of Phoenix. (2012). Thomas Money Service Inc. Scenario [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ECO/561 website.

Installing and Upgrading Software Essay

There are a number of reasons for upgrading software, generally the main reason is that the software has been improved or security problems have been addressed, or it offers new functionality. You may also install or update software when a new piece of hardware is installed in order to make it compatible. Other reasons may include software which is no longer supported by the manufacturer. If the software in question brings new functionality to the computer system in day to day life and makes that task easier, then you should consider updating. You also upgrade when you need to or when you want to upgrade or when your system is not working properly, existing software fails to run correctly and when additional functionality required. Sometimes, your pc crashes, freezes, your PC runs very slow, Having Problems Shutting down the computer and Shutting down applications and sometimes its shutdown while you are doing something or you may just get blank screen. If you find that you need more power in your machine and then you can upgrade your components, when your computer stops doing what you need it to do, then it is time to consider upgrading or replacing the computer. You upgrade when your existing system is not work properly, when you need new hardware or new software for your system and sometimes it may be company policy that you upgrade systems. You upgrade to fix programming bugs and security holes. Describe the potential prompt that initiate new or upgrade software: When you upgrade the software it might not work because it may not be suitable for the system specification, so in that situation you will need to upgrade the system to allow that software to work. Upgrading new software is used in computing and user electronics, generally meaning replacement of software with a newer version, in order to bring the system up to date to improve its characteristics. When installing or upgrading you should be aware of all the different types of risks that can occur risks such as prompts. Explain the advantage and potential disadvantage of the installation or upgrade of new software: The advantages of the installation or upgrades of the new software are that it may allow you to install different applications and also it may add new features to your current software. The disadvantages is that the upgrade may not be successful or even cause problems to other software which are currently installed and also it may stop other applications from running. It also may cause problems to existing system.

Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though the Declaration’s main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the â€Å"American identity†. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping the â€Å"American identity†. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: â€Å"all men are created equal† which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one man own another man. â€Å"The ideal of equity led Northern states to free slaves within their borders in the 1780s, 1790s and 1800s†. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000). The ... Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence Many people know famous lines from the Declaration of Independence such as â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but what many people do not know is that these lines are the result of revisions that were made to the original Declaration. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration in June of 1776, but over a one-month period the document was revised and about eighty-six changes had been made to the original copy. Only after these changes were made did Congress accept and pass the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776, which announced and justified the separation of the 13 colonies from Great Britain. There were a number of additions, deletions, and changes of wording that were made to the document. Of these changes was the deletion of an entire passage about slavery. The passage read as follows: He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great Britain, determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: and that his assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exiting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has denied them, and murdering the people upon whom he also obtruded them; thus paying off former crimes committed against the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of ano ther. Deleting this passage from the Declaration of Independence had a ... Free Essays on The Declaration Of Independence The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though the Declaration’s main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the â€Å"American identity†. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping the â€Å"American identity†. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: â€Å"all men are created equal† which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one man own another man. â€Å"The ideal of equity led Northern states to free slaves within their borders in the 1780s, 1790s and 1800s†. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000). The ... Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence Many people know famous lines from the Declaration of Independence such as â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but what many people do not know is that these lines are the result of revisions that were made to the original Declaration. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration in June of 1776, but over a one-month period the document was revised and about eighty-six changes had been made to the original copy. Only after these changes were made did Congress accept and pass the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776, which announced and justified the separation of the 13 colonies from Great Britain. There were a number of additions, deletions, and changes of wording that were made to the document. Of these changes was the deletion of an entire passage about slavery. The passage read as follows: He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great Britain, determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: and that his assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exiting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has denied them, and murdering the people upon whom he also obtruded them; thus paying off former crimes committed against the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of ano ther. Deleting this passage from the Declaration of Independence had a great impact on United States histo...

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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The Role of Diplomat and Functions

The Role of Diplomat and Functions INTRODUCTION Communication and technology has been the driving force of a new world order of globalization affecting areas of the international system bringing about certain developments and changes that affects statecraft and the roles of the professionals that carries out this functions for the state. The role of a diplomat has a tremendous impact on foreign policy decision which consequently finds expression through certain means such as communication and technology, with the primary motive of using information and representation as a vital instrument of diplomacy. Diplomacy therefore can be said to be defined â€Å"as the professional management of relations across sovereignty† (Melissen, 1999, p.1). Over time the growth in communication and technology has had major effect on how diplomats carry out their functions and the major roles they play bringing about certain changes from the diplomacy of the Ancient periods to the present day modern diplomacy. However, in examining how the changes in communication and technology has affected the role of the modern diplomat this essay is going to examine the historical context of diplomatic communication, the roles of the modern diplomat, the impact of communication and technology in diplomacy, how certain changes have affected the roles of the modern day diplomat and thereby concluding with certain solutions that would improve the negative effects of communication and technology on the roles of the modern diplomat. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF DIPLOMATIC COMMUNICATION. Diplomatic communications in the past was basically done by non technological means through the use of very obscure methods such as signs, wooden tablets and the use of messengers. According to Melissen the first record of a diplomatic communication was in form of a letter written on a stone which was to be delivered by a messenger who walked 2000 kilometers to perform his roles.(1999,p.3). The use of the messenger symbolized representation of the country in communicating certain issues of foreign policy to the other country making sure that every information was confidential and delivered to the right person with total understanding of its content. During this period the method of delivering letters was one of the most effective ways to carry out diplomatic relations with the messenger as the professional who has the ultimate role of making sure the purpose of the representation is achieved and also responsible for giving his home government feedback on his diplomatic mission. The messenger served as a form of sovereign equality between the countries and was being sent because of certain qualities which he possessed and as the countrys confidant. (Melissen 199 9,p.4) Also elites in the society and men of very high reputations experienced in states affairs were also given roles of negotiating agreements on behalf of their state government. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.25) The messengers served at different levels of state postings for a period of time reporting and collating many conversations with the king, palace officials and other foreign diplomats (Melissen 1999, p.4). They basically helped in carrying out major functions that facilitated the several achievements of their government. The messengers also engaged in several strategic activities such as forming alliances with neighboring countries and intelligence collation of political issues. (Melissen 1999, p.5). They were also used to foster trade negotiations between counties on behalf of their home countries. These messengers also had to be resident abroad to constantly perform duties because traveling was very dangerous and often difficult. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.24). At this time there were no good road networks or viable transportation system in other words messengers traveled very long distances to perform roles in very unsafe conditions. Consequently Leguey-Feilleux emphasizes on the fact that, these messengers were been used as a source of contact between their countries and their neighbors playing roles of mediation and were also used to make preparation for court visits, served as agents on temporary and adhoc missions, engaged in crucial debates with other representatives over their governments policies and engaged in information gathering of both internal and external relations (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.31-36) Consequently diplomats also submitted protest, presented legal claims for review, made proposals, represented at social functions and tolerated diversity of civilizations (Melissen 1999, p.9) There was also the exchange of objects, drawings and gifts that clearly stated out the diplomatic intentions of the diplomats and the kind of relationship they want to maintain. (Bianca, 2009, No 1). Despite all these roles clearly stated there were some limitations that brought about the need for an improvement on the roles of the diplomat (messenger). Challenges such as animosity in a mission and bad behavior altered communications between states and made some representatives unfriendly with each other. (Eban, 1998, p.27). Governments were also in doubts of the representatives they sent on missions in other words they were not given total authority on certain issues of international politics considerably there was the problem of cultural and language differences which sometimes made missions not so productive and some times the messengers were captured for ransom.(Leguey-Feilleux,2009,p36-40). But with time things began to change especially as country moved from one political era to another and with the creation of improvised means of communication and the lingering evidence of interdependence which is today known as globalization coupled with the conscious growth of technology. Melissen confirms this by emphasizing on the growth of civilization as flourishing diplomatic practice (1999, p.7). According to Leguey-feilleux, the fourteen and the fifteenth century improvement on communications and technology intensified diplomatic practices and sharpened the roles of a diplomat marking the renaissance period the beginning of modern diplomacy which brought about significant diplomatic innovations. (2009, p.37) During this period slight changes were made to make the roles of the diplomat more efficient and specific. As regards this there were more diplomatic missions established abroad giving the instance of the first realistic resident embassy in Italy (Melissen1999, p.13) New forms of activities arrived; government started using couriers, ciphers, codes, telegrams, pomps and ceremonies were seen as being vital but traveling still remained difficult. (Leguey-feilleux, 2009, p. 42) In addition the nineteenth century brought an improvement to the roles of diplomat with the creation of multilateral diplomacy where by diplomats had a larger playing ground to perform their roles. (Leguey-Feilleux, 2009, p 43). THE ROLES OF THE MODERN DIPLOMAT. Gradually with the emergence of the twentieth century the roles of the modern diplomat increased in different dimensions and moved considerably to a global level with obvious changes in communication and a severe impact from technology. According to the Vienna Convention some of these roles are as follows; The representation of state socially, politically and ceremonially in other countries. The protection of states interest, overseas nationals and states commercial activities. Negotiations on behalf of government and signing of agreements. Information gathering of states activities externally, and in missionary cases, gathering information from host countries. The promotion of cordial and friendly relations in the international system. (Encyclopedia Britannica,2009, No.164602) Other major functions are as follows; which finds expression in political activities, trade activities and consular activities. This trade activities as to do with knowing about commercial developments, while the consular deals with the major local activities of its host country and political activities are majorly maintaining good political relationships abroad. (Eban 1998, p.33-39) Consequently the roles of the modern diplomat can extend to his family basically on the social aspect and morals of good behavior. According to Wood, the roles of a diplomat has a form of professional identity on their wives and family, giving the example of the wife of a Mexican diplomat who contributed to her husbands roles by writing a book on diplomatic identity.(2004,volume 25) Diplomats also play major roles such as being among a committee to draft a charter giving the example of Lord Gladwyn a British diplomat who took part in drafting the United Nations Charter. (Stout, 1996, p.2) Diplomats also create relationships and maintain good level of communication between external affairs and internal structures.(Watkins, 2008, No1). THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ROLES OF THE MODERN DIPLOMAT. Globalization is the major catalyst of the wind of change that has blown into the works of the modern diplomat. Starting from the consular diplomat to the political and all other areas, the issues of global interdependence and its continuation through technological means of communication as left little for the diplomat to function on but in no doubt there are some major achievements as a result of this change. Consequently technology as brought about faster means of carrying out diplomatic statecraft functions which can be seen according to Melissen â€Å"through the invention of devices such as telephone, technological transportation systems, telecommunications and the internet. (1999, p.171) As a result of this diplomats can do their works faster without fear of danger especially while traveling, there are better methods of communicating with friendly relations without walking long distances, there are more graphical technological instruments that describes complex economic and political situations that helps the diplomat to be effective in his work and also help the government of the day to whom he reports to. According to Melissen. The creation of the rail way transportation gave the diplomats a very good edge in performing their functions on land, also with the creation of electric telegraph and fax machines which has enabled faster communication between diplomatic relations.(1999,p.171) Leguey_feilleux also describes major technological innovations as substantially contributing to the evolving of new diplomatic methods that shapes the roles of the modern diplomat at the level of communication (2009, p.46). The impact of the media in fostering the roles of the modern diplomat are not underestimated as well, giving information and sometimes helps in relaying diplomatic intentions to the public creating a from of feedback process from the public to the government. The creation and the application of IT (information Technology) is no exception to the fostering of modern diplomatic roles with the increasing performance of hardware and software for information gathering (Melissen, 1999, p.171). With this development information is easily accessible and can be codified there by serving as a source of security for important documentations and intelligence finding. This would practically make the diplomat work more efficiently to accomplish missions. Looking closely all this impact on modern diplomatic roles finds expression in digitalization bringing new management tools, low cost on access to information and integrated resources of information. (Melissen, 1999, p.171) The use of media especially as regards public diplomacy has fostered the role of the diplomat in breaking down cultural barriers between its policy officers and the specified public. (Gilboa,2000,No. 3) This thereby creates a political atmosphere for better functioning. Despite all this major impact of communication and technology, there has been major changes that as served to displace the roles of the modern diplomat. Melissen confirms this by saying that, â€Å"the position of a diplomat is related to the sovereignty of a state which as a result of globalization as thrown into questions the viability of a state to manage social, economic and political affairs.†(1999, p.173) Looking closely as well, the creation of international organizations, such as ILO (international labor organization), United Nations and Commonwealth undertake certain functions diplomats carry out because of the states membership and inability to solve certain problems. (Leguey- Feilleux, 2009, p.45). Economic initiatives such as the Bretoonwoods system and GATT were majorly done out of the context of the roles of the diplomat, it was basically done and concluded by international organizational members (Leguey- Feilleux, 2009, p.45). Without any doubt, the use of telephones, media and satellite communication has weakened diplomatic representatives (Melissen, 1999, p.171) Heads of states now conclude on foreign relations via telephones without the representation of the diplomat and also hold conference meetings with other heads of state via video calls and internet conferencing. This gives the diplomat little to do because its role on representation is being replaced with some form of technological breakthrough. Also some international organizations perform major diplomatic assignments on their own by sending special officers on special missions, interfering in external dispute thereby altering the roles of the diplomat (Leguey-feilleux 2009, p.46) Further more there is the emergence of transnational actors whom as a result of technology have supporters around the world, yielding into political power itself without any form of representation. (Leguey-Feilleux 2009, p.46) For example looking at the connections between elites of a society with other elites outside its countries who basically have business relationships with each other and make decisions that affect states policies without official representative of the state. Consequently also the relationships between diplomats and their government is changing, when there are misconceptions on issues states actors just use the most effective technology to communicate.(Leguey-feilleux,2009,p.86) More so giving the fact that the concept of power as changed in the international system, there is no more clear distinction of the concept of diplomacy. (Melissen.1999, p.175). This simply refers to the obvious that major international organizations mediate the act of diplomacy on their own especially when it comes to war situations or peacekeeping without totally involving diplomats but involving state actors at some point. More over the source of information is regarded to be more powerful than even territory and physical resources. (Melissen 1999, p.175) According to Nye and Owen in this fast growth of an international political system aided by technology, information is seen as the ultimate weapon of state relations (Nye and Owen cited in Melissen, 1999, p.175). As a result of this states actors on their own hirer special officers to look into certain issues and bring viable information rather than leaving it to the diplomats. Nye and Owen further argue that; the importance of technology, education and institutional flexibility is increasing and its changing the roles of foreign policy actors and also their governments in managing and promoting national interest.(Nye and Owen cited in Melissen 1999,p.175). the understanding this gives is that supranational organizations are becoming more powerful in the international system which affects statecraft and consequently affects the works of the technocrats under its administration not making them effective as they use to be. Information technology is gradually making spatial concept irrelevant looking at the use of satellite in space to get first hand information which basically alters a diplomats role in gathering information (Melissen 1999, p.176). This basically implies that others especially the media already have the same information as well and can deliver the information even before the diplomat does. Another major effect of technology is the Media. According to Leguey-feilleux, The CNN factor makes information instantly known around the world which mounts pressure on state to find solutions in time which consequently gives diplomats very short time to deliberate, strategize and respond to issues. (2009, p.87). Eban in his book calls this â€Å"The Intrusive Media† (1998, p.75). The media is basically seen as an obstruction often which basically slows diplomatic duties and bring about inadequate decision making. But Eban points out to the fact that no matter the situation of the media the diplomat still as to put in to consideration his partner and his own public opinion.(1998,p.75) CONCLUSION Consequently the many changes in communication and technology has its major positives sides using the telephone as an example which can be used to carryout roles especially in warring situations without being in physical danger of any kind. Giving the example of the â€Å"mediation by telephone in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict which brought the signing of the Oslo peace process between the two countries in 1995† (Leguey-Feilleux, 2009, p. 89). Technology has also helped to facilitate the work of diplomatic intelligence with the creation of electronic spying, network power, early warning and crises management and cyber security.(Leguey-Feilleux,2009,p.92-94) Therefore the role of a modern diplomat can basically be managed with respective cooperation from the state actors, civil service and the Foreign Service itself. With each understanding the underlying factors of its functions without clashes of any kind as regards communication, information and technology. BIBLIOGRAPHY Leguey-Feilleux, J.(2009),The Dynamics of Diplomacy (Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.). Eban, A. (1998), Diplomacy for the Next Century (Yale University). Melissen, J. (1999), Innovation in Diplomatic Practice (Macmillan Press Ltd.) Wood, M. (2004), â€Å"A Diplomats Wife in Mexico: Creating Professional, political and National Identities in the Early Twentieth century† A Journal of Women Studies Volume 25. Stout, D. (1996), â€Å"Lord Gladwyn, British Diplomat, U.N Leader (News) (Obituary)† Daily News Los Angeles CA,October 27.,pp.2. Gilboa, E. (2000), â€Å"Media coverage of International Negotiation: A taxonomy of levels and effects† International Negotiation Journal, Volume 5, NO.3 Bianca, C. (2009) â€Å"Digging for Antiquities with Diplomats:Gisbet Cuper (1644-1716) and His Social Capital† Republic of Letters : A Journal for the study of knowledge, politics and the arts Volume 1, No.1 Watkins J. (2008), â€Å"Toward a New Diplomatic History† Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies Volume 38, No.1. Encyclopedia Britannica, (2009). â€Å"Diplomacy†, Retrieved 07/01/10, from Encyclopedia Britannica online. Http://www.britannica.com/EB checked/topic/164602/Diplomacy. Melissen, J.(2009), â€Å"Americas Information Edge† in S. Nye and W.A. Owen, Innovation in Diplomatic practice. (Macmillan Press Ltd),PP. 175